Fed Watch

Hammack Hawkish Remarks Reinforce Caution Amid Soft Inflation Data, July Hold Probability at 85.6%; Global CB Divergence Widens with BOK Hike to 2.75%

Cleveland Fed President Hammack delivered hawkish remarks stressing broad-based and persistent inflation, while June CPI/PPI disinflation data pushed July hold probability to 85.6% and Morgan Stanley argued the market misread Waller's speech; Deutsche Bank raised its 10-year yield forecast to 4.80% on a hawkish Fed path, and the Bank of Korea hiked 25bp to 2.75% in a widening global tightening cycle.

29 sources ~48 min

0. Weekly Arc

The week opened with Waller’s July 13 hawkish salvo pushing July hike probability to ~50%. The June CPI and PPI disinflation (core CPI -0.02% m/m) violently reversed that repricing, collapsing July hike probability to ~11-20%. By July 17-18, Cleveland Fed President Hammack delivered hawkish remarks — “persistently high inflation is the bigger concern” — partially halting the dovish repricing, while Deutsche Bank raised its 10-year yield target to 4.80% and the BOK hiked 25bp to 2.75%. The arc ends in a standoff: the data flow is disinflationary, but the committee’s hawks are not backing down.

1. Policy Narrative & Expectations

The net change over the past ~24h is a hawkish-leaning pushback against the CPI/PPI-induced dovish repricing, led by Cleveland Fed President Hammack’s explicit hawkish remarks. Hammack stated that “persistently high inflation is the bigger concern” [1], that inflation is “too high” and the labor market is at maximum employment [2], and that business leaders cite energy costs, supply chain disruptions, and AI data center construction as broad-based cost pressures [3][4]. Morgan Stanley analyzed that the market’s prior ~50% July hike pricing was a misreading of Waller’s speech and that the June CPI data confirms underlying inflation is slowing [5]. The CME FedWatch July hold probability stands at 85.6%, with September pricing at 41.4% hold, 51.2% hike, and 7.5% 50bp hike [6].

1.1 FOMC Officials’ Remarks

  • [NEW] Hawkish — Beth Hammack (Cleveland Fed President, July 17 remarks): Hammack delivered a series of hawkish remarks at a community event. Key remarks: (1) “Persistently high inflation is the bigger concern” [1]; (2) “Inflation is too high. The labor market is right around my level of maximum employment” [2]; (3) “Inflation isn’t coming from only one source — it’s broad-based” [4]; (4) Business leaders cite energy costs, supply chain disruptions, insurance costs, and AI data center construction as cost pressures [3]; (5) She is hearing from businesses who say they “need to take action to curb inflation” and from consumers expressing despair about financial hardship [7]; (6) At the same time, she sees “good growth numbers and stable consumer spending” [8][9]. Marginal shift vs prior history: This is Hammack’s first appearance in the briefing history. Her tone is unambiguously hawkish — she explicitly frames inflation as the bigger concern and a broad-based problem, and uses language that supports a higher bar for cutting. However, her acknowledgment of “good growth numbers” tempers the alarm.

  • [ONGOING] Hawkish — Kevin Warsh (Chair): Warsh, Waller, and Logan were cited as having delivered hawkish remarks in aggregate [10]. Per Morgan Stanley, Waller’s prior remarks were “misread” by the market [5]. No new direct remarks today.

  • [ONGOING] Dovish — Jerome Powell (former Chair): Powell’s March 2026 stance that oil inflation is a “temporary disturbance” was cited as part of the historical record [11]. No new remarks today.

1.2 Policy Signals & Institutional Communication

  • [NEW] CME FedWatch — July hold at 85.6%, hike at 14.4%: The market-implied probability of a July 25bp hold is 85.6%, with September probabilities: hold 41.4%, 25bp hike 51.2%, 50bp hike 7.5% [6]. This represents a full reversal from the ~50% July hike probability after Waller’s speech.

  • [NEW] Morgan Stanley — market misread Waller’s speech; inflation is slowing: Morgan Stanley argues that the market’s prior ~50% July hike pricing was a misreading of Waller’s speech, and that the June CPI data confirms underlying inflation is slowing, supporting their view that the Fed will hold [5].

  • [NEW] Deutsche Bank — baseline forecast of two rate hikes this year, but July hike unlikely: Deutsche Bank’s baseline forecast is two rate hikes this year, but it believes a July hike is unlikely [12]. It raised its 10-year Treasury yield forecast by 10bp to 4.80% [12].

  • [NEW] Deutsche Bank — Warsh’s aversion to forward guidance increases policy uncertainty: Chair Warsh’s aversion to forward guidance and reserved stance on reaction function details may increase near-term policy uncertainty [12].

  • [NEW] Fed AI Task Force — may focus on productivity boost: Deutsche Bank notes that the Fed’s new AI Task Force may focus on AI boosting productivity for a supply-side boom, estimating AI can add 0.5-0.75 percentage points annually to productivity [12].

  • [NEW] Fed balance sheet reduction “on the agenda”: Bloomberg reports that Chair Warsh has formally put balance sheet reduction on the agenda [13].

  • [NEW] Goldman Sachs — expects no rate hike, easing cycle in 2027: Goldman Sachs economists expect the Fed will not hike and will instead begin a delayed easing cycle in 2027 [14].

  • [NEW] Four dissenters at April 2026 FOMC meeting: A historical note from the April 30 FOMC meeting showed four dissenters voting to hold at 3.5%-3.75%, the first time since 1992 [15].

2. Key Data & Market Read

  • [ESCALATED] June CPI (released July 14, already covered): Headline CPI fell 0.42% m/m, core CPI fell 0.02% m/m (vs consensus +0.23%) [16][10][5][12]. Market read: Triggered a massive dovish repricing, collapsing July hike probability from ~50% to ~14% [6]. Morgan Stanley’s analysis that the “Cleveland Fed Trimmed Mean CPI rose only 0.01%” confirms the weakness was not an anomaly [5]. Narrative impact: The data supports the disinflation narrative, but Hammack’s hawkish remarks and Deutsche Bank’s two-hike forecast show the committee remains divided. Goldman Sachs warns that “core PCE at 3%+ requires more data to erode hike pricing” [17].

  • [NEW] June PPI (released July 15, already covered): Headline PPI fell 0.3% m/m, below expectations [18]. Market read: Strengthened the disinflation narrative. June annualized inflation around 2% per Russell Investments [18]. Narrative impact: Factory-level inflation confirms the CPI trend, reducing the urgency for a July hike [18].

  • [NEW] June retail sales beat expectations: Russell Investments reports that retail sales beat expectations in June [18]. Narrative impact: Consumer spending remains strong, supporting the “growth↑” narrative leg and partially offsetting the growth slowdown fears from the GDP downgrades.

  • [NEW] Initial jobless claims near historic lows: Per Russell Investments, initial jobless claims remain near historic lows [18]. Narrative impact: The labor market is not rapidly deteriorating, challenging the recession narrative and the “growth↓” quadrants.

  • [NEW] Regional Fed surveys — activity strengthening midyear: Per Russell Investments, regional Fed surveys indicate strengthening economic activity midyear [18]. Narrative impact: Supports the “soft landing” narrative.

  • [NEW] China Q2 GDP slightly below expectations: Per Russell Investments, China Q2 GDP came in slightly below expectations [18]. Narrative impact: Adds to the global growth-fragility narrative but is not a major shock.

  • [NEW] US consumer confidence at historic lows: University of Michigan consumer confidence index fell to 44.8 in May, the lowest in over 70 years [13]. The Conference Board confidence index fell to 93.1 [13]. Narrative impact: The divergence between strong macro data (retail sales, jobless claims) and weak sentiment data is a structural concern for the consumer leg of the economy.

  • [NEW] S&P 500 CAPE ratio at 40.8x: The Shiller cyclically adjusted P/E ratio is 40.8x, only below the 2000 dot-com bubble peak [13]. Narrative impact: Extreme equity valuations make the market vulnerable to a rate shock.

3. Financial-Conditions Signals

  • [NEW] Dollar & rates — USD positioning at +1.5 standard deviations: JPMorgan’s USD positioning indicator is at +1.5 standard deviations, indicating crowded long positioning [10]. This makes the dollar vulnerable to a data-driven unwind.

  • [NEW] Dollar & rates — US real rates trending higher: Per multiple sources, US real interest rates have been rising [12][11]. This reflects the hawkish repricing of the rate path and the structural upward pressure from fiscal deficits and AI capital demand [12].

  • [NEW] Dollar & rates — T-bill yields at ~3.8%, T-bill ETF approaching $100bn: Three-month T-bill yields are around 3.8%, and BlackRock’s T-bill ETF is on the verge of reaching $100 billion in assets [19]. This reflects massive demand for short-duration yield.

  • [NEW] Liquidity — global M2 growth at 16% annualized over 20 years: The past 20 years have seen global broad money supply grow at 16% annualized [13]. Sovereign wealth funds and corporate cash reserves continue to inject liquidity into markets [13].

  • [NEW] Liquidity — passive investing at >50% of US stock market: Over 50% of US stock market capitalization is held by passive funds (ETFs and index funds) [13]. US ETF net inflows were over $400bn in 2025 and are expected to exceed $500bn in 2026 [13]. This creates a self-reinforcing upward cycle but also concentration risk.

  • [NEW] Credit & banking — AI stocks account for 70% of S&P 500 gains: This year, 70 cents of every dollar of S&P 500 gains are driven by 41 AI stocks, which have a combined market cap of nearly half the index [13]. This extreme concentration makes the market vulnerable to an AI-sector correction.

  • [NEW] Korea — KOSPI down 25% from peak, margin debt at all-time high: The KOSPI index fell 25% from its June 22 high to July 16 [20]. Margin credit (credit financing balance) reached an all-time high of 38.63 trillion won as of June 24, and leverage has not yet been fully cleared — the margin-to-market cap ratio is back to the 2021 bull market peak [20]. This creates a second wave of deleveraging tail risk.

4. Global Central-Bank Linkages

  • [NEW] Bank of Korea hikes 25bp to 2.75%: The BOK voted unanimously to raise its benchmark rate by 25bp to 2.75%, the first hike since January 2023, and its statement said it is necessary to “continue a policy stance consistent with further rate hikes” [20]. The market expects a second hike in October, bringing the year-end rate to 3.0% [20].

  • [NEW] BOK — Korean rate differentials support hiking cycle: Per GF Securities, the KRW-USD rate differential is large, and with USD rates remaining high, the BOK may be forming a “rate hike cycle” to offset spread pressure [20].

  • [NEW] ECB — expected to hold next week, potential September hike: JPMorgan expects the ECB to hold steady at its July meeting and deliver a final hike in September [16]. Goldman Sachs notes that the 1y1y rate has repriced over 30bp since the July 2 low, reflecting a “higher for longer” path [17]. Morgan Stanley says investors are watching next week’s ECB press conference for signals [21].

  • [NEW] BOJ — rising pressure to hike: JPMorgan notes that the BOJ faces increasing pressure to raise rates as inflation rises and the yen weakens [16]. The BOJ has raised its policy rate to 1.00% [12]. Japan’s April PPI surged 4.9% YoY, the highest in nearly three years, pushing the 30-year JGB yield to a record 4.08% [15].

  • [NEW] Bank of Canada — held steady, may cut again within the year: The Bank of Canada held its policy rate steady this week. Russell Investments expects the BoC may cut again within the year as inflation nears target [18].

  • [NEW] PBOC — expected to introduce more easing measures: Russell Investments expects China to introduce more easing measures to boost consumption [18].

  • [NEW] Brazil central bank — continues cutting, may pause after September: Per JPMorgan, the Brazilian central bank continues cutting rates on disinflation but may pause after September [16].

5. Asset Implications

This section is inference — no [N]. Anchored to the facts above.

QuadrantCurrent probability tiltKey asset implicationAnchoring narrative
Growth↑ + Inflation↑FallingThe CPI/PPI disinflation and Morgan Stanley’s “core PCE below 2% by September” forecast weaken this quadrant; Hammack’s persistent-inflation warning and Deutsche Bank’s two-hike forecast keep it alive but data flow is moving against it; commodities still benefit from AI demand, but the energy price channel is fading; Deutsche Bank’s 10-year yield forecast of 4.80% reflects remaining fiscal risk§1.2 (Deutsche Bank two-hike forecast, 10-year 4.80%); §1.1 (Hammack: broad-based inflation, bigger concern); §2 (CPI disinflation, retail sales beat); §3 (AI concentration risk, KOSPI -25%)
Growth↑ + Inflation↓RisingThe “Goldilocks” window re-opened decisively: CPI and PPI disinflation, retail sales beat, jobless claims near lows, regional Fed surveys strengthening; Morgan Stanley’s thesis that inflation will be below 2% annualized by September supports this quadrant; the 2-year yield decline and equity rally (S&P +0.38%, Nasdaq +0.9%) are textbook; Deutsche Bank’s 10-year 4.80% target and BOK’s hike are partial offsets§2 (CPI/PPI disinflation, retail sales beat, regional Fed surveys); §1.2 (Morgan Stanley: core inflation slowing, hold call; Goldman: no hike, easing in 2027); §8 (Morgan Stanley curve steepening call)
Growth↓ + Inflation↑FallingStagflation probabilities decline as CPI/PPI both soft, jobless claims low, and retail sales beat expectations; the KOSPI -25% and Korean margin debt risk are EM-specific, not a global signal; the GDP tracking downgrades (BofA 1.4%) and consumer confidence at lows are a tail but not the base case§2 (China GDP below expectations, consumer confidence lows); §3 (KOSPI -25%, Korea margin debt); §1.1 (Hammack: energy and AI cost pressures); §30 (BOK hike, Korean leverage tail risk)
Growth↓ + Inflation↓RisingLong-duration bonds rallied on the CPI/PPI disinflation; Morgan Stanley’s core PCE forecast of 2.2% in H2 and below 2% by September supports this quadrant; Deutsche Bank’s 10-year 4.80% is the contrarian call that would break the rally; the 2-year at 4.14% and July hold at 85.6% make front-end duration attractive§2 (CPI/PPI disinflation, Goldman core PCE tracking 18bp); §1.2 (Morgan Stanley: core PCE below 2% by September); §8 (1y1y CPI swap at 2.01%); §16 (Treasury gains for the week on inflation data)

Stock-bond correlation call: The regime has shifted back toward negative correlation (growth-driven) within the CPI/PPI data window. The Treasury market gained for the week as favorable inflation data overcame rising oil prices [22]. The 2-year yield declined, and the July hold probability at 85.6% suggests the market is pricing a benign scenario. Morgan Stanley’s call to steepen the 2s-10s curve [5] is consistent with a growth-driven move where front-end yields fall on lower inflation expectations while long-end yields are supported by supply and AI demand. However, Hammack’s hawkish remarks and Deutsche Bank’s 4.80% 10-year target [12] introduce a hawkish term-premium component that could re-introduce positive correlation if the data flow reverses. The KOSPI crash in Korea is a risk-off signal within EM but not a global contagion event currently.

Risk-budget implication:

  • Overweight intermediate nominal duration (2-5 year) — the 2-year at ~4.14% with July hold at 85.6% is attractive. Morgan Stanley’s recommendation to steepen the curve (short 2-year via futures, long 7-30 year) [5] captures the disinflation beta. The 1-year CPI swap at 2.01% [5] suggests the market is pricing rapid disinflation.
  • Underweight long-duration nominal (10y+) — Deutsche Bank raised its 10-year forecast to 4.80% [12] and JPMorgan recommends shorting 10-year UST vs Bunds [16]. The 30-year auction saw a record-low bid-to-cover ratio of 2.30 [15] — supply pressure is real.
  • Overweight the US curve steepener (2s10s and 7s30s) — Morgan Stanley explicitly recommends the 7s30s steepener (entry 66.5bp, target 100bp, stop 50bp) [5]. This captures the disinflation front-end rally and the fiscal supply-driven long-end premium.
  • Overweight gold tactically — Goldman Sachs maintains its year-end gold target of $4,900/oz [14], citing central bank buying (51% cite geopolitical risk prevention per OMFIF survey [14]) and fiscal sustainability concerns. However, rising real rates [11] and the view that gold is “pricing a rate hike cycle” [11] suggest gold may not have bottomed. A size-limited long with a stop below the $3,900 level is appropriate. Goldman notes that central bank buying typically slows in summer and accelerates after September [14].
  • Overweight EM FX carry with a hedge against Korean contagion — JPMorgan recommends overweight high-yield EM bonds (South Africa, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Hungary) [16] and non-USD funded carry trades [10]. The BOK hike and KOSPI crash are a warning that EM leverage is fragile. The BOK’s hiking cycle [20] suggests the won may be a funding currency for EM carry.
  • Underweight the USD with a short vol hedge — USD positioning is at +1.5 standard deviations [10], making it vulnerable to a soft data surprise. JPMorgan recommends selling short-dated, low-delta USD calls as the most robust carry trade [23]. The July CPI/PPI data flow provides a catalyst for USD weakness. However, the positive asymmetry on the dollar (hawkish Fed limits downside) means a short USD position should be hedged with long FX vol.

6. Contrarian & Tail Risks

  • Consensus fragility — the market is pricing a disinflation that is not confirmed by core PCE: Both Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan estimate June core PCE at 0.18-0.22% m/m and 3.4% y/y [16][17]. This is well above target and still consistent with a hawkish Fed. Goldman Sachs explicitly warns that “core PCE at 3%+ requires more data to erode hike pricing” [17]. The disinflation trade is pricing in a soft landing that the data has not yet confirmed.

  • Consensus fragility — Deutsche Bank’s two-hike forecast vs. the market’s ~14% July hike pricing: Deutsche Bank expects two rate hikes this year and has raised its 10-year forecast to 4.80% [12]. If the data flow reverses (energy spike from Strait of Hormuz, hot July CPI), the market’s pricing of zero hikes would reverse violently.

  • Consensus fragility — Goldman’s no-hike view vs. the hawkish committee: Goldman Sachs economists expect no hike and a delayed easing cycle in 2027 [14], while the FOMC had four dissenters at the April meeting [15] and Hammack is explicitly hawkish [3][1]. The gap between Goldman’s view and the committee’s hawkish members is a material risk.

  • Consensus fragility — the AI-valuation / consumer-sentiment divergence: The stock market (S&P +130% in 6 years, CAPE at 40.8x) is at all-time highs while consumer confidence is at 70-year lows [13]. This divergence is historically unprecedented and cannot persist indefinitely. The passive-investing self-reinforcing cycle could reverse violently if a trigger event occurs — a hot CPI report, an AI capex cut from a major firm, or a geopolitical shock.

  • Consensus fragility — Korean KOSPI deleveraging as a canary: The KOSPI’s 25% decline from peak, combined with margin debt at an all-time high and the finance-to-market cap ratio back to the 2021 peak [20], suggests a second wave of leveraged deleveraging is a real tail risk for EM risk appetite. If KOSPI declines further, it could spill over to global risk appetite through the channel of leveraged institutional investors.

  • Second-order — Strait of Hormuz escalation → FOMC vote to hike: Per one analyst, if the Strait of Hormuz situation escalates further over the next 10 days (before the July 28-29 FOMC meeting), it could increase the probability that some FOMC members vote to hike [11]. JPMorgan estimates Brent crude at $86/bbl in Q3 on Strait of Hormuz tensions [16]. An oil spike to $90+ would re-introduce energy-driven inflation, validating Hammack’s hawkish concerns and forcing the Fed’s hand.

  • Second-order — Fed balance sheet reduction + term premium: Warsh has formally put balance sheet reduction on the agenda [13]. Combined with the record-low 30-year auction bid-to-cover ratio of 2.30 [15], a more aggressive QT stance would drive term premia higher, pushing long-end yields toward Deutsche Bank’s 4.80% target and beyond.

  • Second-order — Indian and Southeast Asian EM vulnerability: Per Haitian International, high oil prices hurt India and Southeast Asian emerging markets especially hard, compressing corporate profits, weakening competitiveness, and causing imported inflation, local currency depreciation, and capital outflows [15]. This is a second-order channel from the oil spike to global risk-off.

  • Source quality control: Hammack’s remarks [3][7][8][9][24][4][1][2] are from Financial Juice, which cites her publicly-available remarks. The “persistently high inflation is the bigger concern” quote [1] is a single source. The JPMorgan data [16][23][10] is primary institutional research. The Goldman Sachs data [17][14] is primary institutional research. The Morgan Stanley analysis [5][21] is primary institutional research. The Deutsche Bank analysis [12] is primary institutional research. The CME FedWatch data [6] is official. The KOSPI/BOK data [20] is from GF Securities, a primary institutional source. The Russell Investments analysis [18] is primary.

Appendix: Additional Sources

  • [25] JPMorgan — G10 FX options: selling short-dated, low-delta USD calls is the most robust volatility carry trade
  • [11] 培风客 — Hammack analysis, Strait of Hormuz tail risk, gold/copper positioning, “bad things happening sequentially” risk
  • [13] 澎湃新闻 — S&P 500 CAPE 40.8x, consumer confidence 44.8, passive investing >50% market cap, AI stock concentration, ETF inflows $400bn+ in 2025
  • [26] Hoover Institution — Book on Fed’s inflation-fighting strategy
  • [27] Financial Juice — US economic calendar July 20-24
  • [28] WSJ — ECB expected to hold, September hike possible, PMI data in focus
  • [29] Financial Juice — Effective Fed Funds rate unchanged at 3.63%
  • [15] 海通国际 — FOMC April dissenters, 30-year auction bid-to-cover 2.30, Japan PPI 4.9% YoY, JGB 30-year at 4.08%, Korean leverage, Indian EM vulnerability; expects potential surprise Fed rate cut in H2

This report is a macro-mechanism analysis, not investment advice.

30-day review of this series 8/6 – 9/5
  • September-hike odds round-tripped on the data-Fed seesaw. Pricing swung from a mid-August dovish low near 27% after soft payrolls and cooling CPI to a post-Jackson-Hole peak near 66–70% as Warsh’s hawkish keynote and Barr’s “act decisively” language took over, then settled back to a coin flip after Waller’s conditional-hold tilt—with the Sept-11 CPI installed as the arbiter.

  • The long end repeatedly defied both the Fed and the Treasury. The 30-year climbed to 2007-era highs above 5.3% despite Bessent’s Aug-19 buyback expansion, whose relief faded within days; the driver narrative shifted from rate-path repricing to a term-premium and real-rate wall.

  • The policy default flipped from “hold unless data force action” to “hike unless data excuse it,” then partially reversed. Warsh’s Aug-28 debut and Barr’s remarks set the hawkish marker, but Williams and Waller’s pushback restored a genuine two-variable fight over whether disinflation or hot core readings govern the September decision.

  • Fed communication itself became a market-moving storyline. Warsh’s “play the ball, not the referee” guidance pullback, the meeting-count reform trial balloon, and the renewed Cook-removal attempt each lifted the policy-uncertainty premium, making every data release behave like a mini-FOMC.

  • The dollar weakened while gold absorbed the fiscal-credibility risk. The DXY slid from near 100 to three-month lows below 99 as Treasury activism fueled de-dollarization chatter, while gold oscillated between rate-driven corrections near $4,400 and debasement-led peaks above $4,600.

  • Global central banks tightened around the Fed’s indecision. BOJ September-hike odds consolidated near 75–84% and the ECB’s path hardened, while coordinated yen intervention and the FIMA channel added a second-order Treasury-demand layer to the long-end story.

Sources29

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  2. Fed's Hammack: Inflation is too high. The labor market is right around my level of maximum employment. Twitter·财经快讯 Score 60
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